DBMS Lab

Overview of SQL DDL, DML and DCL Commands.

DDL is Data Definition Language statements. Some examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command
DML is Data Manipulation Language statements. Some examples:
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
DCL is Data Control Language statements. Some examples:
COMMIT - save work done
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like what rollback segment to use

Basic SQL DDL Commands.
To practice basic SQL DDL Commands such as CREATE, DROP, etc.
1. SQL - CREATE TABLE
Syntax: CREATE TABLE tablename (column_name data_ type constraints, …)
Example:
INPUT:
SQL> CREATE TABLE Emp ( EmpNo short CONSTRAINT PKey PRIMARY KEY,
EName VarChar(15), Job Char(10) CONSTRAINT Unik1 UNIQUE,
Mgr short CONSTRAINT FKey1 REFERENCES EMP (EmpNo),
Hiredate Date, DeptNo short CONSTRAINT FKey2 REFERENCES DEPT(DeptNo));
RESULT: Table created.
SQL>Create table prog20 (pname varchar2(20) not null), doj date not null,dob date not null,
sex varchar(1) not null, prof1 varchar(20),prof2 varchar(20),salary number(7,2) not null);
RESULT:
Table created.
SQL>desc prog20;
Name                                   Null?                                 Type
--------------------           ---------------------        ----------------------------
PNAME                             NOT NULL                  VARCHAR2(20)
DOJ                                    NOT NULL                        DATE
DOB                                   NOT NULL                        DATE
SEX                                    NOT NULL                  VARCHAR2(1)
PROF1                                                                     VARCHAR2(20)
PROF2                                                                     VARCHAR2(20)
SALARY                          NOT NULL                      NUMBER(7,2)

2. SQL - ALTER TABLE
INPUT:
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY KEY (EmpNo);
RESULT: Table Altered.
Similarly, ALTER TABLE EMP DROP CONSTRAINT Pkey1;
3. SQL - DROP TABLE
– Deletes table structure – Cannot be recovered – Use with caution
INPUT:
SQL> DROP TABLE EMP; Here EMP is table name
RESULT: Table Dropped.
4. TRUNCATE            TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

Basic SQL DML Commands.
To practice basic SQL DML Commands such as INSERT, DELETE, etc.
1. SQL - INSERT INTO
Syntax: INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (value list)
  • Single-row insert
INSERT INTO S VALUES(‘S3’,’SUP3’,’BLORE’,10)
  •  Inserting one row, many columns at a time
INSERT INTO S (SNO, SNAME) VALUES (‘S1’, ‘Smith’);S1’ Smith’
  •  Inserting many rows, all/some columns at a time.
INSERT INTO NEW_SUPPLIER (SNO, SNAME)
SELECT SNO, SNAME FROM S
WHERE CITY IN (‘BLORE’,’MADRAS’)

Other Examples:
INPUT:
SQL>Insert into prog values (‘kkk’,’05-may-56’);
RESULT: 1 row created.
INPUT:
SQL>Insert into prog20 values(‘Hema’,’25-sept-01’28-jan-85’,’f’,’c’,’c++’,’25000’);
RESULT: 1 row created.
INPUT:
SQL>Insert into prog values(‘&pname’,’&doj’);
SQL> Insert into prog values('&pname','&doj');
Enter value for pname: ravi
Enter value for doj: 15-june-81
RESULT:
old 1: Insert into prog values('&pname','&doj')
new 1: Insert into prog values('ravi','15-june-81')
1 row created.
2. SQL - UPDATE
Syntax: UPDATE tablename SET column_name =value [ WHERE condition]
Examples:
UPDATE S SET CITY = ‘KANPUR’ WHERE SNO=‘S1’
UPDATE EMP SET SAL = 1.10 * SAL
SQL> update emp set sal=20000 where empno=7369;
1 row updated.

3. SQL - DELETE FROM
Syntax: DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition
Examples:
DELETE FROM SP WHERE PNO= ‘P1’
DELETE FROM SP
INPUT:
SQL>Delete from emp where empno=7369;
RESULT: 1 row deleted.
Basic SQL DCL Commands.
To practice basic SQL DCL Commands such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK etc.
1. COMMIT
Save changes (transactional).
Syntax:
COMMIT [WORK] [COMMENT 'comment_text']
COMMIT [WORK] [FORCE 'force_text' [,int] ]
FORCE - will manually commit an in-doubt distributed transaction
force_text - transaction identifier (see the DBA_2PC_PENDING view)
int - sets a specific SCN.
If a network or machine failure prevents a distributed transaction from committing
properly, Oracle will store any commit comment in the data dictionary along with the
transaction ID.
INPUT:
SQL>commit;
RESULT: Commit complete.

2. ROLLBACK
Undo work done (transactional).
Syntax:
ROLLBACK [WORK] [TO [SAVEPOINT]'savepoint_text_identifier'];
ROLLBACK [WORK] [FORCE 'force_text'];
FORCE - will manually rollback an in-doubt distributed transaction
INPUT:
SQL>rollback;
RESULT:Rollback complete.
3. SAVEPOINT
Save changes to a point (transactional).
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT text_identifier
Example:
UPDATE employees
SET salary = 95000
WHERE last_name = 'Smith';
SAVEPOINT justsmith;
UPDATE employees
SET salary = 1000000;
SAVEPOINT everyone;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT justsmith;
COMMIT;

Writing and Practice of Simple Queries.
To write simple queries and practice them.
 1. Get the description of EMP table.
SQL>desc emp;
RESULT:
Name                                             Null?                        Type
-------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------
EMPNO                                    NOT NULL          NUMBER(4)
ENAME                                                                VARCHAR2(10)
JOB                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
MGR                                                                        NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE                                                                   DATE
SAL                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
COMM                                                                   NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO                                                                 NUMBER(3)
AGE                                                                         NUMBER(3)
ESAL                                                                      NUMBER(10)

2. Get the description DEPT table.
SQL>desc dept;
RESULT:
Name                                             Null?                     Type
--------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------
DEPTNO                                  NOT NULL           NUMBER(2)
DNAME                                                               VARCHAR2(14)
LOC                                                                      VARCHAR2(13)

3.List all employee details.
SQL>select * from emp;
RESULT:
EMPNO   ENAME          JOB           MGR  HIREDATE  SAL    COMM DEPTNO AGE    ESAL
-----------  ------------ ----------------- ---------- --------------  -------- ---------- -----------  ------- ---------
7369          SMITH      CLERK          7902    17-DEC-80     800           0            20        25         0
7499          ALLEN  SALESMAN     7698    20-FEB-81     1600      300            30       25         0
7521           WARD  SALESMAN      7698    22-FEB-81     1250     500             30       25         0
7566           JONES   MANAGER      7839    02-APR-81     2975     500             20       25         0
7698          BLAKE   MANAGER      7839    01-MAY-81    2850     1400           30       25         0

4.List all employee names and their salaries, whose salary lies between1500/- and 3500/- both inclusive.

INPUT
SQL>select ename from emp where sal between 1500 and 3500;
RESULT

ENAME
----------
ALLEN
JONES
BLAKE
CLARK
SCOTT
TURNER
FORD
russel
greg

9 rows selected.

5. List all employee names and their and their manager whose manager is 7902 or 7566 0r 7789.

INPUT SQL>select ename from emp where mgr in(7602,7566,7789);
RESULT

ENAME
-------
SCOTT
FORD

6. List all employees which starts with either J or T.

INPUT SQL>select ename from emp where ename like ‘J%’ or ename like ‘T%’;
RESULT:

ENAME
---------
JONES
TURNER
JAMES

7. List all employee names and jobs, whose job title includes M or P.
 

INPUT SQL>select ename,job from emp where job like ‘M%’ or job like ‘P%’;
RESULT:

ENAME      JOB
-----------  ---------------
JONES   MANAGER
BLAKE  MANAGER
CLARK  MANAGER
KING      PRESIDENT



8. List all jobs available in employee table.
 

INPUT SQL>select distinct job from emp;
RESULT:

    JOB
-------------
ANALYST
CLERK
MANAGER
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
assistant
clerk
7 rows selected.

9. List all employees who belongs to the department 10 or 20.
INPUT
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno in (10,20);
RESULT:

ENAME
----------
SMITH
JONES
CLARK
SCOTT
KING
ADAMS
FORD
MILLER
8 rows selected.

10. List all employee names , salary and 15% rise in salary.
INPUT
SQL>select ename , sal , sal+0.15* sal from emp;
RESULT:

ENAME    SAL    SAL+0.15*SAL
SMITH       800            920
ALLEN     1600          1840
WARD      1250          1437.5
JONES      2975          3421.25
MARTIN  1250          1437.5
BLAKE    2850           3277.5
CLARK    2450           2817.5
7 rows selected.

11. List minimum , maximum , average salaries of employee.
INPUT
SQL>select min(sal),max(sal),avg(sal) from emp;
RESULT:
MIN(SAL)   MAX(SAL)       AVG(SAL)
        3                 5000             1936.94118

12. Find how many job titles are available in employee table.
INPUT
SQL>select count (distinct job) from emp;
RESULT:

COUNT(DISTINCTJOB)
                7

13. What is the difference between maximum and minimum salaries of employees in the organization?
INPUT SQL>select max(sal)-min(sal) from emp;
RESULT:

MAX(SAL)-MIN(SAL)
              4997

14. Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary of the company and job title starts with ‘M’.
INPUT SQL>select ename,sal from emp where job like ‘M%’ and sal > (select min (sal)
from emp);
RESULT

ENAME    SAL
JONES      2975
BLAKE     2850
CLARK     2450

15. Find how much amount the company is spending towards salaries.
INPUT
SQL>select sum (sal) from emp;
RESULT

SUM(SAL)
     32928

16. Display name of the dept. with deptno 20.
INPUT
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno = 20;
RESULT



ENAME
SMITH
JONES
SCOTT
ADAMS

17. List ename whose commission is NULL.
INPUT
SQL>select ename from emp where comm is null;

                                       ENAME
RESULT                         -----------
                                        CLARK
                                         SCOTT
                                          KING
                                        ADAMS
                                         JAMES
                                          FORD
6 rows selected.

18. Find no.of dept in employee table.
INPUT
SQL>select count (distinct ename) from emp;
RESULT

COUNT(DISTINCTENAME)
                      17

19. List ename whose manager is not NULL.
INPUT SQL>select ename from emp where mgr is not null;
RESULT
  
ENAME
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
JONES
MARTIN
            5 rows selected.

Writing Queries using GROUP BY and other clauses.

To write queries using clauses such as GROUP BY, ORDER BY, etc. and retrieving
information by joining tables.


Source tables: emp, dept, programmer, software, study.
Order by : The order by clause is used to display the results in sorted order.
Group by : The attribute or attributes given in the clauses are used to form groups. Tuples
with the same value on all attributes in the group by clause are placed in one group.
Having: SQL applies predicates (conditions) in the having clause after groups have been
formed, so aggregate function be used.

1. Display total salary spent for each job category.
INPUT
SQL>select job,sum (sal) from emp group by job;
RESULT
      JOB          SUM(SAL)
ANALYST          6000
CLERK              23050
MANAGER        8275
PRESIDENT      5000

SALESMAN     5600
assistant             2200
clerk                   2003
7 rows selected.

2. Display lowest paid employee details under each manager.
INPUT SQL>select ename, sal from emp where sal in (select min(sal) from emp group by
mgr);
RESULT
ENAME SAL
   chai        3
JAMES    950
MILLER 1000
ADAMS 1100
russel      2200
5 rows selected.

3. Display number of employees working in each department and their
department name.
INPUT
SQL> select dname, count (ename) from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno
group by dname;
RESULT
      DNAME         COUNT(ENAME)
ACCOUNTING                 3
RESEARCH                      5
SALES                               9

4. Display the sales cost of package developed by each programmer.
INPUT
SQL>select pname, sum(scost) from software group by pname;
RESULT
PNAME SUM(SCOST)
john              12000
kamala          12000
raju               12333
3 rows selected.

5. Display the number of packages sold by each programmer.
INPUT SQL>select pname, count(title) from software group by pname;
RESULT

PNAME COUNT(TITLE)
john                    1
kamala               1
raju                     1
ramana               1
rani                     1
5 rows selected.

6. Display the number of packages in each language for which the development cost is less than thousand.
INPUT
SQL>select devin, count(title) from software where dcost < 1000 group by devin;
RESULT

DEVIN COUNT(TITLE)
cobol                 1

7. Display each institute name with number of students.
INPUT
SQL>select splace, count(pname) from study group by splace;
RESULT
SPLACE COUNT(PNAME)
BDPS                      2
BITS                       1
BNRILLIANI         1
COIT                       1
HYD                       1
5 rows selected.

8. How many copies of package have the least difference between development and selling cost, were sold?
INPUT
SQL>select sold from software where scost – dcost=(select min(scost – dcost) from
software);
RESULT

SOLD
11

9. Which is the costliest package developed in Pascal.
INPUT SQL>select title from software where devin = ‘PASCAL’ and dcost = (select
max(dcost)from software where devin = ‘PASCAL’);
RESULT
no rows selected

10. Which language was used to develop most no .of packages.
INPUT
SQL>select devin, count (*) from software group by devin having count(*) = (select
max(count(*) ) from software group by devin);
RESULT
DEVIN COUNT(*)
jsp                 2

11.Who are the male programmers earning below the average salary of
female programmers?
INPUT
SQL>select pname from programmer where sal < (select avg(sal) from programmer
where sex = ‘F’) and sex = ‘M’;
RESULT
PNAME
vijay

12. Display the details of software developed by the male programmers
earning more than 3000/-.
INPUT
SQL>select programmer.pname, title, devin from programmer, software where sal >
3000 and sex = ‘M’ and programmer.pname = software.pname;
RESULT
no rows selected

13. Display the details of software developed in c language by female
programmers of pragathi.
INPUT
SQL>select software.pname, title, devin, scost, dcost, sold from programmer,
software, study where devin = ‘c’ and sex =’F’ and splace = ‘pragathi’ and
programmer.pname = software.pname and software.pname = study.pname;

14. Which language has been stated by the most of the programmers as
proficiency one?
INPUT
SQL>select prof1, count(*) from programmer group by prof1 having count (*) =
(select max (count (*) ) from programmer group by prof1);

Writing Nested Queries.
To write queries using Set operations and to write nested queries.
Set Operations:
UNION - OR
INTERSECT - AND
EXCEPT - - NOT
NESTED QUERY:- A nested query makes use of another sub-query to compute or retrieve
the information.
1. Find the name of the institute in which the person studied and developed the costliest package.
INPUT
SQL>select splace, pname from study where pname = (select pname from software
where scost = (select max (scost) from software);
RESULT
   SPLACE       PNAME
SAHBHARI       MARY

2. Find the salary and institute of a person who developed the highest
selling package.
INPUT
SQL> select study.pname, sal, splace from study, programmer where study.pname =
programmer.pname and study.pname = (select pname from software where scost = (select
max (scost) from software));
RESULT
PNAME  SAL  SPLACE
MARY    4500   SABHARI

3. How many packages were developed by the person who developed the
cheapest package.
INPUT
SQL>select pname, count (title) from software where dcost = (select min(dcost)
from software) group by pname;
RESULT
PNAME COUNT(TITLE)
VIJAY                    1

4. Calculate the amount to be recovered for those packages whose
development cost has not yet recovered.
INPUT
SQL>select title , (dcost-scost) from software where dcost > scost;

5. Display the title, scost, dcost, difference of scost and dcost in the descending order of difference.
INPUT
SQL> select title, scost, dcost, (scost - dcost) from software descending order by
(scost-dcost);
6. Display the details of those who draw the same salary.
INPUT SQL> select p.pname, p.sal from programmer p, programmer t where p.pname <>
t.pname and p.sal = t.sal;(or)
INPUT SQL>select pname,sal from programmer t where pname<>t.pname and sal= t.sal;

Writing Queries using functions.
AIM: To write queries using single row functions and group functions.
1. Display the names and dob of all programmers who were born in
january.
INPUT SQL>select pname , dob from programmer where to_char (dob,’MON’)=’JAN’;
2. Calculate the experience in years of each programmer and display along
with programmer name in descending order.
INPUT SQL> select pname, round (months_between(sysdate, doj)/12, 2) "EXPERIENCE"
from programmer order by months_between (sysdate, doj) desc;
3. List out the programmer names who will celebrate their birthdays
during current month.
INPUT SQL>select pname from programmer where to_char(dob,’MON’) like to_char
(sysdate, ‘MON’);
4. Display the least experienced programmer’s details.
INPUT SQL>select * from programmer where doj = (select max (doj) from programmer);
5. Who is the most experienced programmer knowing pascal.
INPUT SQL>select pname from programmer where doj = (select min (doj) from
programmer);
6. Who is the youngest programmer born in 1965.
INPUT SQL> select pname , dob from programmer where dob = (select max (dob) from
programmer where to_char (dob,'yy') = 65);
7. In which year, most of the programmers are born.
INPUT SQL>select to_char (dob , ‘YY’) from programmer group by to_char (dob, ‘YY’)
having count(*) = (select max (count(*)) from programmer group by to_char(dob,’YY’);
8. In which month most number of programmers are joined.
INPUT SQL>select to_char (doj,’YY’) from programmer group by to_char (doj,’YY’)
having count (*) = (select max (count(*)) from programmer group by to_char (doj,’YY’);
9. What is the length of the shortest name in programmer table ?
INPUT SQL>select length (pname) from programmer where length (pname) = select min
( length (pname) from programmer);
10. Display the names of the programmers whose name contains up to 5
characters.
INPUT SQL>select pname from programmer where length (pname) <=5;
11. Display all packages names in small letters and corresponding
programmer names in uppercase letters.
INPUT SQL>select lower (title), upper (pname) from software;

Writing Queries on views.
AIM: To write queries on views.

1. Create a view from single table containing all columns from the base
table.
SQL>create view view1 as (select * from programmer);
2. Create a view from single table with selected columns.
SQL>create a view view2 as (select pname,dob,doj,sex,sal from programmer);
3. Create a view from two tables with all columns.
SQL>create view xyz as select * from programmer full natural join software;
4. Create a view from two tables with selected columns.
SQL> create view lmn as (select programmer, pname, title, devin from programmer, software
where sal < 3000 and programmer.pname = software.pname);
5. Check all DML commands with above 4 views.
INPUT SQL> insert into view1 values (‘ramu’,’12-sep-03’,’28-jan-
85’,’f’,’dbase’,’oracle’,74000);
RESULT
1 row created;
INPUT SQL>update view1 set salary =50000 where pname like ‘raju’;
RESULT 1 row updated.
Note: update command does not works for all queries on views.
INPUT SQL>delete from view1 where pname like ‘raju’;
RESULT 1 row deleted.


6. Drop views which you generated.

INPUT SQL>drop view view1;

RESULT
View dropped;

 INPUT SQL>drop view view2;

 RESULT
View dropped;

INPUT SQL>drop view xyz;

Writing PL/SQL block for insertion into a table.

To write a PL/SQL block for inserting rows into EMPDET table with the following Calculations: HRA=50% OF BASIC 
DA=20% OF BASIC 
PF=7% OF BASIC 
NETPAY=BASIC+DA+HRA-PF

INPUT

DECLARE
ENO1 empdet.eno%type;
ENAME1 empdet.name%type;
DEPTNO1 empdet.deptno%type;
BASIC1 empdet.basic%type;
HRA1 empdet.HRA%type;
DA1 empdet.DA%type;
PF1 empdet.pf%type;
NETPAY1 empdet.netpay%type;
BEGIN
ENO1:=&ENO1;
ENAME1:='&ENAME1';
DEPTNO1:=&DEPTNO1;
BASIC1:=&BASIC1;
HRA1:=(BASIC1*50)/100;
DA1:=(BASIC1*20)/100;
PF1:=(BASIC1*7)/100;
NETPAY1:=BASIC1+HRA1+DA1-PF1;

INSERT INTO EMPDET VALUES (ENO1, ENAME1, DEPTNO1, BASIC1, HRA1,
DA1, PF1, NETPAY1);
END;


RESULT:

SQL> @BASIC 
Enter value for eno1: 104 
old 11: ENO1:=&ENO1; 
new 11: ENO1:=104; 
Enter value for ename1: SRINIVAS REDDY 
old 12: ENAME1:='&ENAME1'; 
new 12: ENAME1:='SRINIVAS REDDY'; 
Enter value for deptno1: 10 
old 13: DEPTNO1:=&DEPTNO1; 
new 13: DEPTNO1:=10; 
Enter value for basic1: 6000 
old 14: BASIC1:=&BASIC1; 
new 14: BASIC1:=6000; 
 
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 
SQL>/ 
Enter value for eno1: 105 
old 11: ENO1:=&ENO1; 
new 11: ENO1:=105; 
Enter value for ename1: CIRAJ 
old 12: ENAME1:='&ENAME1'; 
new 12: ENAME1:='CIRAJ'; 
Enter value for deptno1: 10 
old 13: DEPTNO1:=&DEPTNO1; 
new 13: DEPTNO1:=10; 
Enter value for basic1: 6000 
old 14: BASIC1:=&BASIC1; 
new 14: BASIC1:=6000;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPDET; 
 
RESULT

ENO   NAME                            DEPTNO  BASIC     HRA       DA          PF       NETPAY
101     SANTOSH                           10           5000        2500      1000        350        8150
102     SHANKAR                          20          5000        2500      1000        350         8150
103     SURESH                              20          5500        2750      1100        385         8965
104     SRINIVASA REDDY          10          6000        3000      1200        420         9780
105      CIRAJ                                  10          6000        3000      1200        420         9780


Writing PL/SQL block for checking armstrong number

To write a PL/SQL block to check whether given number is Armstrong or not.


INPUT

DECLARE
num number(5);
rem number(5);
s number(5):=0;
num1 number(5);
BEGIN
num:=&num;
num1:=num;
while(num>0)
loop
rem:=mod(num,10);
s:=s+power(rem,3);
num:=trunc(num/10);
End loop;
if (s=num1)then
dbms_RESULT.put_line(num1||' IS ARMSTRONG NUMBER ');
else
dbms_RESULT.put_line(num1||' IS NOT ARMSTRONG NUMBER ');
End if;
END;
/

RESULT:
SQL>@arm
Enter value for num: 153
old 7: num:=&num;
new 7: num:=153;
153 IS ARMSTRONG NUMBER

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for num: 123
old 7: num:=&num;
new 7: num:=123;
123 IS NOT ARMSTRONG NUMBER

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 


Writing a PL/SQL block for checking a number even or odd.

AIM: To write a PL/SQL block to check whether a given number is Even or Odd.

INPUT

DECLARE
num number(5);
rem number;
BEGIN
num:=&num;
rem:=mod(num,2);
if rem=0
then
dbms_RESULT.put_line(' Number '||num||' is Even');
else
dbms_RESULT.put_line(' Number '||num||' is Odd');
end if;
END;


RESULT:

SQL>start even
Enter value for num: 6
old 5: num:=&num;
new 5: num:=6;
Number 6 is Even

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for num: 3
old 5: num:=&num;
new 5: num:=3;
Number 3 is Odd
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 


Writing PL/SQL block to find sum of digits of a given number.

To write a PL/SQL block to find Sum of Digits of a given Number.

INPUT

DECLARE
num number(5);
rem number(5);
sm number(5):=0;
num1 number(5);
BEGIN
num:=&num;
num1:=num;
while(num>0) loop
rem:=mod(num,10);
sm:=sm+rem;
num:=trunc(num/10);
end loop;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('SUM OF DIGITS OF '||num1||' IS: '||sm);
end;
/
RESULT:
SQL> @sum
INPUT truncated to 2 characters
Enter value for num: 123
old 7: num:=&num;
new 7: num:=123;
SUM OF DIGITS OF 123 IS: 6
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> @sum
INPUT truncated to 2 characters
Enter value for num: 456
old 7: num:=&num;
new 7: num:=456;
SUM OF DIGITS OF 456 IS: 15
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 



Writing PL/SQL block for generating Fibonacci series. 
To write a PL/SQL block to Generate Fibonacci Series 
INPUT

DECLARE
num number(5);
f1 number(5):=0;
f2 number(5):=1;
f3 number(5);
i number(5):=3;
BEGIN
num:=&num;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('THE FIBONACCI SERIES IS:');
dbms_RESULT.put_line(f1);
dbms_RESULT.put_line(f2);

while(i<=num)

loop

f3:=f1+f2;
dbms_RESULT.put_line(f3);
f1:=f2;
f2:=f3;
i:=i+1;
end loop;
END;
/
RESULT:
SQL> start fib
Enter value for num: 10
old 8: num:=&num;
new 8: num:=10;
THE FIBONACCI SERIES IS:
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 



Writing PL/SQL block for checking palendrome.

To write a PL/SQL block to Check the Given String is Palindrome or Not.

INPUT

DECLARE
name1 varchar2(20);
name2 varchar2(20);
l number(5);
BEGIN
name1:='&name1';
l:=length(name1);
while l>0 loop
name2:=name2||substr(name1,l,1);
l:=l-1;
end loop;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('REVERSE OF STRING IS:'||NAME2);

if(name1=name2)

then

dbms_RESULT.put_line(name1||' IS PALINDROME ');
else
dbms_RESULT.put_line(name1||' IS NOT PALINDROME ');
end if;
END;
/
RESULT
Enter value for name1: LIRIL
old 6: name1:='&name1';
new 6: name1:='LIRIL';
REVERSE OF STRING IS:LIRIL
LIRIL IS PALINDROME

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for name1: MADAM
old 6: name1:='&name1';
new 6: name1:='MADAM';
REVERSE OF STRING IS:MADAM
MADAM IS PALINDROME

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 



Writing PL/SQL block to demonstrate Cursors.

To write a Cursor to display the list of Employees and Total Salary Department wise.

INPUT
DECLARE
cursor c1 is select * from dept;
cursor c2 is select * from emp;
s emp.sal%type;

BEGIN

for i in c1

loop

s:=0;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('----------------------------------------------');
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Department is :' || i.deptno ||' Department name is:' ||
i.dname);
dbms_RESULT.put_line('-------------------------------------------');
for j in c2 loop
if ( i.deptno=j.deptno) then
s:=s+j.sal;
dbms_RESULT.put_line(j.empno|| ' '|| j.ename || ' '|| j.sal );
end if;
end loop;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('----------------------------------------------');
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Total salary is: '|| s);
dbms_RESULT.put_line('----------------------------------------------');
end loop;
END;




RESULT:

SQL> @abc
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department is :10  Department name is : ACCOUNTING
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7782 CLARK 2450

7839 KING  5000 

7934 MILLER 1300
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total salary is: 8750
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 



Department is :20 Department name is:RESEARCH
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7369 SMITH 800

7566 JONES  2975

7788 SCOTT 3000

7876 ADAMS 1100 

7902 FORD     3000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total salary is: 10875
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department is :30 Department name is:SALES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7499 ALLEN 1600

7521 WARD 1250

7654 MARTIN 1250

7698 BLAKE 2850

7844 TURNER 1500

7900 JAMES 950
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total salary is: 9400
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department is :40 Department name is:OPERATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total salary is: 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 


Writing PL/SQL CURSOR 
To write a Cursor to display the list of employees who are Working as a Managers or Analyst.

INPUT
DECLARE
cursor c(jb varchar2) is select ename from emp where job=jb;
em emp.job%type;
BEGIN
open c('MANAGER');
dbms_RESULT.put_line(' EMPLOYEES WORKING AS MANAGERS ARE:');
loop
fetch c into em;
exit when c%notfound;
dbms_RESULT.put_line(em);
end loop;
close c;

open c('ANALYST');
dbms_RESULT.put_line(' EMPLOYEES WORKING AS ANALYST ARE:');
loop
fetch c into em;
exit when c%notfound;
dbms_RESULT.put_line(em);
end loop;
close c;
END;


RESULT:

EMPLOYEES WORKING AS MANAGERS ARE:
JONES
BLAKE
CLARK
EMPLOYEES WORKING AS ANALYST ARE:
SCOTT
FORD

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


Writing PL/SQL CURSOR 
To write a Cursor to display List of Employees from Emp Table in PL/SQL block

INPUT

DECLARE
cursor c is select empno, ename, deptno, sal from emp ;
i emp.empno%type;
j emp.ename%type;
k emp.deptno%type;
l emp.sal%type;
BEGIN
open c;
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Empno, name, deptno, salary of employees are:= ');
loop
fetch c into i, j, k, l;
exit when c%notfound;
dbms_RESULT.put_line(i||' '||j||' '||k||' '||l);
end loop;
close c;
END;

RESULT:
SQL> @EMP
Empno,name,deptno,salary of employees are:=
7369   SMITH  20  800

7499   ALLEN  30  1600 

7521   WARD  30  1250

7566   JONES  20  2975

7654   MARTIN 30  1250

7698   BLAKE   30  2850

7782   CLARK 10  2450

7788   SCOTT  20  3000 

7839   KING  10  5000

7844  TURNER 30  1500 

7876  ADAMS   20  1100

7900   JAMES    30    950
7902   FORD      20   3000
7934   MILLER  10   1300
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Writing PL/SQL CURSOR 
To write a Cursor to find employee with given job and deptno. 
INPUT
DECLARE
cursor c1(j varchar2, dn number) is select empno, ename from emp where job=j and
deptno=dn;
row1 emp%rowtype;
jb emp.job%type;
d emp.deptno%type;
BEGIN
jb:='&jb';
d:=&d;
open c1(jb,d);
fetch c1 into row1.empno,row1.ename;
if c1%notfound then
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Employee does not exist');
else
dbms_RESULT.put_line('empno is:'||row1.empno||' ' ||'employee name is:'||
row1.ename);
end if;
END;

RESULT:
SQL> @CUR
Enter value for jb: MANAGER
old 7: jb:='&jb';
new 7: jb:='MANAGER';
Enter value for d: 20
old 8: d:=&d;
new 8: d:=20;
empno is:7566 employee name is:JONES
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for jb: CLERK
old 7: jb:='&jb';
new 7: jb:='CLERK';
Enter value for d: 40
old 8: d:=&d;
new 8: d:=40;
Employee does not exist
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.



Writing PL/SQL BLOCK using string functions. 
To write a PL/SQL block to apply String Functions on a given input String.

INPUT
DECLARE
a varchar2(20);
l number(5);
BEGIN
a:='&a';
l:=length(a);
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Lower Function:' || lower(a));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using UPPER Function:' || upper(a));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Initcap Function:' || initcap(a));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Substring Function:' || substr(a,l,1));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Substring Function:' || substr(a,1,3));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Ltrim function for xxxabcxxxx:' ||
ltrim('xxxabcxxxx','x'));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Rtrim function for xxxabcxxxx:'||
rtrim('xxxabcxxxx','x'));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Lpad function :'|| lpad(a,l+4,'*'));
dbms_RESULT.put_line('Using Rpad function :'|| rpad(a,l+4,'*'));
END;
RESULT:
SQL>@STR
Enter value for a: santosh reddy
old 5: a:='&a';

new 5:

a:='santosh reddy';

Using Lower Function:santosh reddy
Using UPPER Function:SANTOSH REDDY
Using Initcap Function:Santosh Reddy
Using Substring Function:y
Using Substring Function:san
Using Ltrim function for xxxabcxxxx:abcxxxx
Using Rtrim function for xxxabcxxxx:xxxabc
Using Lpad function :****santosh reddy
Using Rpad function :santosh reddy****

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> /
Enter value for a: UMA SHANKAR
old 5: a:='&a';

new 5:

a:='UMA SHANKAR';
 Using Lower Function:uma shankar 


Using UPPER Function:UMA SHANKAR 
Using Initcap Function:Uma Shankar 
Using Substring Function:R 
Using Substring Function:UMA 
Using Ltrim function for xxxabcxxxx:abcxxxx 
Using Rtrim function for xxxabcxxxx:xxxabc 
Using Lpad function :****UMA SHANKAR
Using Rpad function :UMA SHANKAR****


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.




Writing PL/SQL triggers

To write a TRIGGER to ensure that DEPT TABLE does not contain duplicate of null values in DEPTNO column.

INPUT

CREATE OR RELPLACE TRIGGER trig1 before insert on dept for each row
DECLARE
a number;
BEGIN
if(:new.deptno is Null) then
raise_application_error(-20001,'error::deptno cannot be null');
else
select count(*) into a from dept where deptno=:new.deptno;
if(a=1) then
raise_application_error(-20002,'error:: cannot have duplicate deptno');
end if;
end if;
END;

RESULT:

SQL> @trigger
Trigger created.

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO          DNAME                  LOC           
10                 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

20                 RESEARCH         DALLAS 
 
30                    SALES              CHICAGO

40                OPERATIONS       BOSTON


SQL> insert into dept values(&deptnp,'&dname','&loc');
Enter value for deptnp: null
Enter value for dname: marketing
Enter value for loc: hyd
old 1: insert into dept values(&deptnp,'&dname','&loc')
new 1: insert into dept values(null,'marketing','hyd')
insert into dept values(null,'marketing','hyd')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20001: error::deptno cannot be null



ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.TRIG1", line 5
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.TRIG1'

SQL> /
Enter value for deptnp: 10
Enter value for dname: manager
Enter value for loc: hyd
old 1: insert into dept values(&deptnp,'&dname','&loc')
new 1: insert into dept values(10,'manager','hyd')
insert into dept values(10,'manager','hyd')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20002: error:: cannot have duplicate deptno
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.TRIG1", line 9
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.TRIG1'

SQL> /
Enter value for deptnp: 50
Enter value for dname: MARKETING
Enter value for loc: HYDERABAD
old 1: insert into dept values(&deptnp,'&dname','&loc')
new 1: insert into dept values(50,'MARKETING','HYDERABAD')

1 row created.
SQL> select * from dept;


DEPTNO           DNAME                       LOC          

                                         10            ACCOUNTING          NEW YORK

    20              RESEARCH                DALLAS

    30                 SALES                     CHICAGO

    40            OPERATIONS               BOSTON

    50             MARKETING                 HYDE




Locking Table. 
AIM: To learn commands related to Table Locking


LOCK TABLE Statement Manually lock one or more tables.


Syntax:
LOCK TABLE [schema.] table [options] IN lockmode MODE [NOWAIT]

LOCK TABLE [schema.] view [options] IN lockmode MODE [NOWAIT]

Options:
PARTITION (partition)
SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
@dblink

lockmodes:
EXCLUSIVE
SHARE
ROW EXCLUSIVE
SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE
ROW SHARE* | SHARE UPDATE*

If NOWAIT is omitted Oracle will wait until the table is available.

Several tables can be locked with a single command - separate with commas

e.g. LOCK TABLE table1,table2,table3 IN ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;

Default Locking Behaviour :

A pure SELECT will not lock any rows.

INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE's - will place a ROW EXCLUSIVE lock.

SELECT...FROM...FOR UPDATE NOWAIT - will place a ROW EXCLUSIVE lock.

Multiple Locks on the same rows with LOCK TABLE

Even when a row is locked you can always perform a SELECT (because SELECT does not lock any rows) in addition to this, each type of lock will allow additional locks to be granted as follows.

ROW SHARE = Allow ROW EXCLUSIVE or ROW SHARE or SHARE locks to be granted to the locked rows.

ROW EXCLUSIVE = Allow ROW EXCLUSIVE or ROW SHARE locks to be granted to the locked rows. 

SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE = Allow ROW SHARE locks to be granted to the locked rows.

SHARE = Allow ROW SHARE or SHARE locks to be granted to the locked rows.

EXCLUSIVE = Allow SELECT queries only

Although it is valid to place more than one lock on a row, UPDATES and DELETE's may still cause a wait if a conflicting row lock is held by another transaction.

Generation of Forms using ORACLE FORM BUILDER To design a form using Oracle Developer 2000

Introduction

Use Form Builder to simplify for the creation of data-entry screens, also known as Forms. Forms are the applications that connect to a database, retrieve information requested by the user, present it in a layout specified by Form designer, and allow the user to modify or add information. Form Builder allows you to build forms quickly and easily.

In this Hands-On, you learn how to: Create a Data block for the “Customer” table, Create a layout, Use “content” canvas, Use “execute query”, Navigate a table, Use next, previous record, Enter query, Manipulate table’s record, Insert, Update, Delete and Save record.

Form Builder Tool

Open the "Form Builder" tool.

Welcome window

You will get the ‘Welcome to the Form Builder’ window. If you don’t want to get this window anymore uncheck the ‘Display at startup’ box. You can start your work with any of the following options:
· Use the data Block Wizard
· Build a new form manually
· Open an existing form
· Build a form based on a template
The default is ‘Use the data Block Wizard.’ If you want to build a new form manually, click on "Cancel” or check ‘Build a new form manually’ and click ‘OK.’

Connect to database

In the ‘Object Navigator’ window, highlight "Database Objects." Go to the Main menu and choose "File," then "Connect."

In the ‘Connect’ window, login in as “scott” password “tiger,” then click “CONNECT.”

Notice that the box next to ‘Database Objects’ is not empty anymore and it has a ‘+’ sign in it. That will indicate that this item is expandable and you are able to see its entire objects.

Click on the ‘+’ sign next to the ‘Database Objects’ to expand all database schemas.

Create a Module

In the ‘Object Navigator’ window, highlight module1. This is a default name. Go to the Main menu and choose “File,” select “Save as” to store the new object in the “iself” folder and save it as customer data entry. "c:_de." In this example the ‘DE’ abbreviation stands for Data Entry.

Create a Data Block

In the ‘Object Navigator’ window, highlight "Data Blocks,” and click on the "create” icon. The ‘Create’ icon is in the vertical tool bar in the ‘Object Navigator’ window. It is a green ‘+’ sign. If you drag your cursor on the icon a tooltip will show ‘Create.’

New Data Block

In the ‘New Data Block’ window, choose the default option “Data Block Wizard” and click "OK."
  
Welcome Data Block
In the ‘Welcome Data Block Wizard’ window click on the “NEXT” icon.

Type of Data Block
default option ‘Table or View’ and then click “NEXT” again.
 Select the type of data block you would like to create by clicking on a radio button. Select the

Selecting Tables
 Click on “browse.” In the ‘Tables’ window, highlight the "cust11” table; then click "OK."
 Selecting columns for the Data Block Wizard
 To choose all columns, click on the two arrow signs in the ‘Data Block Wizard’ window. To choose selected columns, click on the arrow sign. And then select all columns, and click "next."


 Layout Wizard

End of the Data Block Wizard and beginning of the Layout Wizard 
In the ‘Congratulations’ screen, use the default checkmark radio button (Create the data block, then call the Layout Wizard), and click "Finish." You can also use the Data Block Wizard to modify your existing data block. Simply select the data block in the Object Navigator and click the Data Block Wizard toolbar button, or choose ‘Data Block wizard’ from the ‘Tools’ menu.

Welcome screen
 In the ‘Welcome to the Layout Wizard’ window, click ”Next.”

Selecting canvas 
In the ‘Layout Wizard’ window, select the "new canvas" option. Canvas is a place that you will have your objects such as columns, titles, pictures, etc. If you have already had your canvas, select the canvas and then click on the next. The following are different types of canvases: Content, Stacked, Vertical Toolbar, Horizontal Toolbar, and Tab. Think of the ‘Content’ canvas as one flat place to have all your objects. In the stacked canvas, you can have multiple layers of objects and it is the same as the tab canvas. You use the vertical or horizontal toolbar canvases for your push buttons. Check the different types of canvases by clicking on the ‘down arrow’ box next to the ‘Type’ field. Select "content," then click “Next.”

Selecting Columns for the Layout Wizard

In the ‘Layout Wizard’ window, select all the columns. These are the columns that you want to be displayed on the canvas. Then click “Next.”

Change your objects appearances

Change size or prompt if needed. In this window, you can enter a prompt, width, and height for each item on the canvas. You can change the measurement units. As a default the default units for item width and height are points. You can change it to inch or centimeter. When you change size, click “Next.”

Selecting a layout style

Select a layout style for your frame by clicking a radio button. Select "Form," if you want one record at a time to be displayed. Select “Tabular,” if you want more than one record at a time to be displayed. Select "Forms," and then click “next.”


Record layout
Type the "Frame Title" and click "next." Checkmark the ‘Display Scrollbar’ box when you use multiple records or the ‘Tabular’ option.

Congratulation Screen 
In the ‘Congratulations’ window, click "Finish." 
You will see the output layout screen. 
Make some window adjustments and then run the form. To run the form, click on the ‘Run’ icon. The ‘Run’ icon is on the horizontal toolbar in the ‘CUSTOMER_DE’ canvas.
 The object module should be compiled successfully before executing the Form.

Execute Query
Click on the "Execute Query" icon below the main menu. If you drag the cursor on the toolbar in the ‘Forms Runtime’ window, a tooltip will be displayed and you see ‘Execute Query.’ 
So to know all your option, drag your cursor to view all the icon descriptions.

Next Record
 Click on the "Next Record" icon to navigate to the next record.

Previous Record
Click on the "Previous Record" icon to navigate to the previous record.This is an easy way to navigate through the “Customer” table.

Enter Query
Click on the "Enter Query" icon to query selected records.

Insert Record
Click "Insert Record" to add new customer. All items on the forms will be blanked. You can either type all the customer information or duplicate it from pervious record.

Duplicate Record 
To duplicate the previous record, go to the main menu and select the ‘Record’ sub-menu. Adrop down menu will be displayed. Select the ‘Duplicate’ option in the sub-menu. Apply the changes. Remember in this stage, your record was inserted but not committed yet.Next and Previous Record. 
Click "next record" and "previous record" to navigate through the records and the one was
added.

Save transactions

Click "Save" to commit the insert statement.


Delete Record

Click "Remove Record" to delete the record.

Lock a Record

You can also lock the record.
  
Exit from Form Runtime
Exit the FORM Runtime. If you have not committed any transaction, you will be prompted to save changes. Click “YES” to save changes. 
Click “OK” for acknowledgement.

Don’t forget to save the Form.


RABAD 


Selecting the type of form to create


Object wizard
  


Selecting the canvas on which data block can be displayed



Form showing the Employee details



Hands-on 
In this Hands-On, your client is a stock broker that keeps track of its customer stock transactions. You have been assigned to write the reports based on their reports layout requirements. 
Your client wants you to create a simple listing report to show list of the stock trades by using stocks table for their brokerage company

Your tasks are: 
                              1- Write a tabular report.
2- Apply user layout Format mask.
3- Run the report.
                              4- Test the repot.

You will learn how to: use report wizard, object navigator, report builder, “date model”, property palette, work on query and group box, see report style, use tabular style, navigating through report’s record, change the format mask for dollar, numeric and date items.


Open Report Builder tool 
Open the "Report Builder" tool.

Connect to database 
In the Object Navigator, highlight "Database Objects,” choose "File," then select the "Connect" option. 
In the ‘Connect’ window, login as “iself” password schooling, then click “CONNECT.”

Save a report 
In the Object Navigator, highlight the "untitled" report, choose “File,” and select the “Save as” option. 
In the ‘Save as’ window, make sure to save the report in the ISELF folder and name it "rpt01_stock_history,” report number 1 stock history.

Data Model 
In the Object Navigator, double click on the "Data Model" icon.

Create SQL box 
In the Data Model window, click on the "SQL Query" icon. Then drag the plus sign cursor and click it anywhere in the “Data Model” screen where you wish your object to be.
 In the ‘SQL Query Statement’ window, write a query to read all the stocks record sorted by their symbol.


(SQL Query Statement) 
SELECT * FROM stocks 
ORDER BY symbol 
Click “OK.”

Change SQL box’s name 
In the Data Model window, in the “SQL” box, right click on the ‘Q_1’ and open its property palette. In its property palette, change the name to Q_STOCKS. Then close the window.

Change GROUP box’s name 
In the Data Model, right click on the group box (G_SYMBOL) and open its property palette. In the Group property palette, change the name to ‘G_STOCKS,’ and close the window.

Open Report Wizard 
In the Data Model, click on the ‘Report Wizard’ icon on the horizontal tool bar. 
In the Style tab, on the Report Wizard window, type ‘Stock History’ in the Title box and choose the report style as ‘Tabular.’ 
Notice that when you change the report style a layout of that report will be displayed on the screen. 
Choose a different style to display its layout of its report style.

Data, Fields, Totals, Labels and Template tabs
Click “NEXT” to go to the Data tab. In the ‘SQL Query Statement’ verify your query.
Click “NEXT” to navigate to the Fields tab, select the fields that you would like to be display
in your report. Select all the columns to be display.
Click “NEXT” to navigate to Totals tab, select the fields for which you would like to
calculate totals. We have none in this hands-on exercise.

Click “NEXT” to open the Labels tab, modify the labels and widths for your fields and totals
as desired.
Click “NEXT” again to go to the Template tab, and choose a template for your report. Your
report will inherit the template’s colors, fonts, line widths, and structure.
Use the default template and click “finish.”

Running a report
Now, you should have your output report on the screen.

Resize an object
Maximize the output report and format the report layout. To resize an object , select it and
drag its handler to the preferred size.

Move an object
To move an object, select and drag it while the cursor is on the object.
This is a simple report.

Navigate through the output
To navigate through the output report in the Report Editor - Live Pre-viewer, click on the
"next page" or "previous page" icon on the horizontal toolbar.
Do the same with the "first page" or "last page" icon.

Use the “zoom in” and “zoom out” icon to preview the report.

Know report’s functions
To know each icon functionalities, drag your cursor on it and a tooltip will display its
function.

Change Format Mask
To change the "format mask" of a column, the column should be selected. Then go to the
toolbar and click on the “$” icon, "add decimal place," and the “right justify” format to the all
currency columns (Todays Low, Todays High, and current price)

Select the “traded today” column, and click on the ‘,0’ icon (apply commas), and make it
right justify.
Also, you can change any attributes of field by opening its property palette. To open an
object’s property palette, right click on it and select the Property Palette option.
Right click on the "trade date" column and open its "property palette." 
Change the date "Format Mask" property and make it “year 2000 complaint (MM-DD-RR).”



Selecting type of report

 

 

Creating reports


Selecting the format of reports

 

 

 

Selecting the Table in database

 

 

 

 Selecting the columns in the report

 

 

 

 Modify the labels in the table

 

 

 

Choose a template to represent the report

 

 

 

To specify the completion of report generation.

 

 

 

 

EXPT#29. Providing Security using GRANT and REVOKE. 

AIM: To learn GRANT and REVOKE commands to restrict privileges.

(1) GRANT Statement
Grant privileges to a user (or to a user role)

Syntax:

Grant System-wide Privs:

GRANT system_priv(s) TO grantee
[IDENTIFIED BY password] [WITH ADMIN OPTION]

GRANT role TO grantee
[IDENTIFIED BY password] [WITH ADMIN OPTION]

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO grantee
[IDENTIFIED BY password] [WITH ADMIN OPTION]

Grant privs on specific objects:

GRANT object_priv [(column, column,...)]
ON [schema.]object
TO grantee [WITH GRANT OPTION] [WITH HIERARCHY
OPTION]

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES [(column, column,...)]
ON [schema.]object
TO grantee [WITH GRANT OPTION] [WITH HIERARCHY
OPTION]

GRANT object_priv [(column, column,...)]
ON DIRECTORY directory_name
TO grantee [WITH GRANT OPTION] [WITH HIERARCHY
OPTION]

GRANT object_priv [(column, column,...)]
ON JAVA [RE]SOURCE [schema.]object
TO grantee [WITH GRANT OPTION] [WITH HIERARCHY
OPTION]

grantee:
user role 

PUBLIC

system_privs:
CREATE SESSION - Allows user to connect to the database
UNLIMITED TABLESPACE - Use an unlimited amount of any
tablespace.
SELECT ANY TABLE - Query tables, views, or mviews in any
schema
UPDATE ANY TABLE - Update rows in tables and views in any
schema
INSERT ANY TABLE - Insert rows into tables and views in any
schema
Also System Admin rights to CREATE, ALTER or DROP:
cluster, context, database, link, dimension, directory,
index,
materialized view, operator, outline, procedure, profile,
role,
rollback segment, sequence, session, synonym, table,
tablespace,
trigger, type, user, view. (full list of system privs)

object_privs:
SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, ALTER, DEBUG, EXECUTE, INDEX,
REFERENCES

roles:
SYSDBA, SYSOPER, OSDBA, OSOPER, EXP_FULL_DATABASE, IMP_FULL_DATABASE
SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE, EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE, DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE
AQ_USER_ROLE, AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE - advanced queuing
SNMPAGENT - Enterprise Manager/Intelligent Agent.
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER - rman
HS_ADMIN_ROLE - heterogeneous services

plus any user defined roles you have available

Notes:

Several Object_Privs can be assigned in a single GRANT statement
e.g.
GRANT SELECT (empno), UPDATE (sal) ON scott.emp TO emma

WITH HIERARCHY OPTION will grant the object privilege on all subobjects, including
any created after the GRANT statement is issued.

WITH GRANT OPTION will enable the grantee to grant those object privileges to other users and roles.

"GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES..." may also be written as "GRANT ALL..."




(ii) REVOKE Statement
Revoke privileges from users or roles.

Syntax:

Roles:
REVOKE role FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC}

System Privs:
REVOKE system_priv(s) FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC}

REVOKE ALL FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC}

Object Privs:
REVOKE object_priv [(column1, column2..)] ON
[schema.]object
FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC} [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
[FORCE]

REVOKE object_priv [(column1, column2..)] ON
[schema.]object
FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC} [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
[FORCE]

REVOKE object_priv [(column1, column2..)] ON DIRECTORY
directory_name
FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC} [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
[FORCE]

REVOKE object_priv [(column1, column2..)] ON JAVA
[RE]SOURCE [schema.]object
FROM {user, | role, |PUBLIC} [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
[FORCE]

key:
object_privs
ALTER, DELETE, EXECUTE, INDEX, INSERT,
REFERENCES, SELECT, UPDATE, ALL PRIVILEGES














1 comment:

  1. that is a very good for student as well as new learners.................!

    ReplyDelete

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